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HYMENOPTERA, Elasmidae ( Old category under Chalcidoidea) -- <Images>
& <Juveniles>
Elasmus is the only Genus in what is presently the
subfamily Elasminae and there are about 205 species distributed worldwide.
They are mostly parasitoids or hyperparasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae, but a
few species are parasitoids of Polistes spp. larvae. References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional
references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] References:
Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be
found at: MELVYL Library ] Burks, B. D.
1965. The North American
species of Elasmus Westwood. proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 78: 201-08. Burks, B. D.
1971. A North American Elasmus parasitic on Polistes. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 61:
194-96. Compere, H.
1947. A new genus and species,
Eurymyiocnema aphelinoides (Hymenoptera Aphelinidae), and a history of the
genera Euryischia Riley and Myiocnema Ashmead. Bull. Ent. Res. 38: 381-88. Ferrière, C.
1929a. On three new chalcidoid
parasites of Platyhedra. Bull. Ent. Res. 20: 255-59. Ferrière, C.
1929b. The Asiatic and African
species of the genus Elasmus,
Westw. (Hym., Chalcid.). Bull. Ent.
Res. 20: 411-23. Franzmann, B.
A. 1980.
Parasitism of Phthorimaea operculella [Lep.: Gelechiidae] larvae
in Queensland. Entomophaga 25:
369-72. Girault, A.
A. 1918.
North American Hymenoptera-- Elasmidae. Private Printing, Sydney, Australia. 4 p. Girault, A. A.
1926. New pests from
Australia. II. Private publication, Brisbane. Graham, M.
W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of Northwestern Europe
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bull.
Br. Mus. Nat. Hist (Ent.) Suppl. 16:
1-908. Hedqvist, K. J. 1960.
Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea) Elasmidae.
In: South
African Animal Life, Chapter 23, Vol. 7.
Uppsala. Naumann, I. D.
& D. P. A. Sands. 1984. Two Australian Elasmus spp., (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae), parasitoids of Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): their taxonomy and biology. J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 23: 25-32. Peck, O., Z. Bou…ek & A. Hoffer. 1964.
Keys to the Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta:
Hymenoptera). Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad.
34: 1-120. Prinsloo, G. L. 1980. An illustrated
guide to the families of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Rep. So. Africa, Dept. Agr. &
Fisheries Sci. Bull. 395. 66 p. Reed, H. C. & S. B. Vinson. 1979.
Observations of the life history and behaviour of Elasmus polistis Burks
(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae).
J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 52: 247-57. Riek, E. F.
1967. Australian Hymenoptera
Chalcidoidea family Eulophidae, subfamily Elasminae. Aust. J. Zool. 15: 145-99. <ELASMID.S> Sands, D. P. A. & A. R. Hill. 1982.
Surveys for parasitoids of Pectinophora
gossypiella (Saunders)
(Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Australia.
CSIRO Aust. Div. Ent. Rep. 29: 1-18. Trjapitcyn, V. A. 1978/1987. Family Elasmidae (Elasmids).
In: G. S.
Medvedev (ed.) 1987, Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR.
Vol. 3 Hymenoptera, Pt. 2. Akad. Nauk., Zool. Inst., Leningrad, SSSR. (trans. fr. Russian,
Amerind. Publ. Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi).
1341 p. Verma, M.
& M. Hayat. 1988. Family Elasmidae. In: B. R. Subba-Rao, & M. Hayat (eds.),
Oriental Insects, Vol. 19.
Association For The Study of Oriental. Insects, Gainesville, FL. 329 p. Yoshimoto,
C. M. 1984.
The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of Canadian
Chalcidoid Wasps, Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea.
Biosystematics Res. Inst., Ottawa, Ontario, Res. Br. Agr. Canada Publ. 1760.
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